Validating Hesss law Essay Example for Free

Validating Hesss law Essay Is the enthalpy change for a given chemical change the same whether the reaction takes place in a single stage or via several stages, provided the initial and final conditions are the same. Introduction: Hesss Law (1840) states that for a given chemical change the enthalpy change is the same whether the reaction takes place in a single stage or via several stages, provided the initial and final conditions are the same. We will test the validity of this law using the reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. The reaction between solid sodium hydroxide and dilute hydrochloric acid can be carried out in two ways. Method 1 NaOH(s) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ?H?1 Method 2 NaOH(s) NaOH(aq) ?H?2 then NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ?H?3 According to Hesss Law ?H?1 = ?H?2 + ?H?3 In calculating the enthalpy of reaction values in each of the above and following cases, it is assumed that: a. The density of the solutions is 1 gcm-3 b. The specific heat capacity of the solutions is 4.2Jg-1K-1 c. The specific heat capacity of the polystyrene cup is negligible and may be ignored. Apparatus: * Polystyrene cup * Thermometer * HCl * NaOH pellets * H2O * Digital weight reader * Measuring cylinder Method: Measurement of ?H?1 Pour 50cm3 of 1M hydrochloric acid into the polystyrene cup and record its temperature as accurately as you possibly can. Weigh out 2g of sodium hydroxide pellets and quickly add these to the acid in your polystyrene cup. Stir and record the maximum temperature reached. Calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction in kJmol-1. Measurement of ?H?2 Pour 50cm3 of water into an empty polystyrene cup and record its temperature as accurately as you possibly can. Weigh out 2g of sodium hydroxide pellets and quickly add these to the water in your polystyrene cup. Stir and record the maximum temperature reached. Calculate the enthalpy change of this process in kJmol-1. Measurement of ?H?3 Pour 50cm3 of 1M sodium hydroxide into an empty polystyrene cup and record its temperature as accurately as you possibly can. Measure out 50cm3 of 1M hydrochloric acid into a measuring cylinder and record its temperature. Calculate the average initial temperature of the acid and the alkali. Add the acid to the alkali in your polystyrene cup and record the maximum temperature reached. Calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction inkJmol-1. Data Collection: Measurement of ?H?1 Measurement of ?H?2 Measurement of ?H?3 Initial Temperature/à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C ? 0.1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C The enthalpy change ?H?1 is given by multiplying the mass of HCl (m) by its specific heat capacity (Cp) and the change in temperature (?T). Since this reaction takes place in solution, which we assume to be mostly water. Hence the mass of the solution will be 50g and the specific heat capacity is given as 4.2J/g/à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. The calculation for the mass of the solution is as follows: % Error in ?T = The enthalpy change ?H?2 is given by multiplying the mass of NaOH (m) by its specific heat capacity (Cp) and the change in temperature (?T). Since this reaction takes place in solution, which we assume to be mostly water. Hence the mass of the solution will be 50g and the specific heat capacity is given as 4.2J/g/à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. The calculation for the mass of the solution is as follows: % Error in ?T = The enthalpy change ?H?3 is given by multiplying the mass of HCl (m) by its specific heat capacity (Cp) and the change in temperature (?T). Since this reaction takes place in solution, which we assume to be mostly water. Hence the mass of the solution will be 100g and the specific heat capacity is given as 4.2J/g/à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. The calculation for the mass of the solution is as follows: So using the results found above we see that: It can be seen that ?H?1 is almost equal to ?H?2 + ?H?3 but due to experimental errors such as heat being lost to the surroundings and not having exact readings they are not equal. Hesss law has therefore been validated but the results would have been much more accurate if there was an insulating capsule around the polystyrene cup so as to prevent any heat from being lost to the environment and by having more accurate apparatus in terms of measuring cylinders and thermometers.

Delaware :: essays research papers

Delaware Delaware is a really cool state. I say that because there is not a whole-lot of crime there and for country folks it’s great because there is a lot of cows and pigs, but there are also a lot of cars there too. It was some rivers and creeks land definition and tons of history, but there isn’t very many people there compared to California. Delaware has gained 2 nicknames over the years, The First State and The Diamond State. It got the nickname The First State because it was the first state to ratify the constitution. It got the nickname the Diamond State because they are the world leaders in diamond mining. Delaware was some really neat geography because they have swamps, rivers, lakes, but they really don’t really have a lot mountains. They have the biggest natural cypress swamp in the world and Pocomoke Swamp the northern most swamp in the United States. They have a couple rivers the Christina and Brandywine Creek. As for lakes the have Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay. Delaware has a lot of economic activity. More than 80% of Delaware’s farm income is from the production of broiler chickens and a variety of other things including soybeans, greenhouse products and corn. Milk is also produced considering that Delaware was more cows than they know what to do with. Fishing is declining but crabs, shad, cod, oysters and clams are caught. Delaware has many useful industries. Delaware industries major in food processing, primary metals, machinery, leather goods, fabricated metals, printing and publishing. They also make a whole- lot of textiles like linoleum. They also make a lot of chemicals and cars. They are one of the most popular car states in the United States. Delaware’s climate is on the cold side with the average temperature in January is 32 and 72 in July. Delaware is also on the storm track of the Gulf of Mexico. Delaware’s average rainfall is about 44 inches. Delaware has common natural resources. Kaolin is the most significant natural resource followed by granite, gravel, and clay (used to make brick and tiles). Hydroelectric power hasn’t been developed yet. The Coastal Zone act was passed in 1971. Communications in Delaware are simple. Delaware has 2 daily newspaper and several weeklies. Public Television is very popular in Delaware. Of course they also have phones and faxes and stuff like that.

Managing Conflict In The Work Place

Workplace conflict is common in every working environment. It arises from many causes and can have an extremely destructive effect on productivity. Recent studies have even found that in more and more cases it is leading to violence. It is obviously very important for managers to quickly and effectively manage any conflict that arises. 1. 1 The causes of conflict in work are as follows; Conflicting resources, this is when employees are forced to share the use of certain resources.Conflicting styles, everybody works differently according to their own personality, strengths and weaknesses however this can often cause conflict because other employees may not like that particular style of working. Conflicting perceptions, we all see the world differently and differing opinions can often result in conflict. Also, certain people may have access to different or more information than others and so are able to perceive things differently. Conflicting goals, different people in our team may ha ve different goals which they are working towards which could possibly be a hindrance to someone else’s goals.Also, different managers might have different priorities when it comes to how work is completed. Conflicting pressures, is very similar to conflicting goals although usually involves urgent tasks. If you need a staff member or team to complete a piece of work quickly for you but they are already working towards another urgent deadline it puts pressure on the individual or team. Conflicting roles, sometimes staff will have to take on work that they may feel doesn’t fall within their job responsibility, or they may feel that another person is being given a task that should belong to them.Different personal values, a person might be asked to complete a job that conflicts with their ethical values. Unpredictable policies, when polices or practices change within an organisation and those changes are not properly communicated conflict can arise. 1. 2 Stages in the de velopment of conflict are as follows; No conflict, this is the ideal state for an organisation however it is likely that conflict will arise at some point. Latent conflict, people have differing values and ideas and while this is not a problem in itself, it is likely that an event will occur that will make such differences more noticeable and then conflict can arise.Emergence, at this stage team members will start to recognise that they have different ideas and values and difference can start to cause discord and tension. Escalation, if team members involved in conflict cannot find a resolution, conflict can escalate. Tensions will rise and people will start to pick sides. Stalemate, at this point conflict has escalated to a point where tensions are running high and neither party is willing to back down. De-escalation, even the most intense conflict will eventually calm down and parties will reluctantly begin to negotiate. Settlement and resolution, parties will find a solution to t he problem.As a manger you may have to work closely with the team to help reach this stage amicably. Peace building and reconciliation, once parties have reached a solution it is important to repair and strengthen working relationships to prevent future conflict. 1. 3 Explain the effects of conflict on individual and team performance in the workplace. A substantive conflict relates specifically to team performance and goals. Substantive conflicts in the workplace can have a positive impact on individual and team performance by helping to refine best practice and creating a little healthy competition between teams and individuals.Working through conflicts can also be seen as a key phase of group development. However they can cause slower performance if individuals or groups are not working in ways which are compatible with the best and quickest completion of set tasks. An affective conflict tends to be about personal disagreements or dislikes, or in a group setting may relate to the assigned task. These can have a detrimental effect on a group’s ability to work together and communicate with each other effectively. When conflicts are based on personal dislikes and disagreements this can also to exclusion and bullying in the work place and staff forming cliques.This can greatly impact on employee job satisfaction, staff turnover which lead to company prosperity suffering or even litigation. 1. 4 Explain any recognised technique a manger could use to minimise and resolve conflict in the work place. Mediation is one form of conflict resolution were an impartial third party will meet with two conflicting individuals to discuss a settlement. The meeting will be private and confidential and each individual is given an equal footing and encouraged to discuss their issues freely.Mediation is a voluntary process  and conflicting parties are able to work together to find a mutual agreement. There is a high rate of compliance in mediated conflict resolution becaus e both parties have equal say in finding a solution. 1. 5 Describe how a manager could create harmony at work and engender a positive atmosphere in order to minimise the adverse effects of conflict. Firstly and most importantly try to stamp out gossiping. Gossip has the most detrimental effect on workplace harmony. Just listening to gossip, even when not engaging in it will almost certainly affect people’s views and opinions of someone else.Ensure that all employees are treated equally and that you are not seen as playing favourites with certain staff members. Ensure staff have adequate and appropriate resources to complete their work. When hiring new staff, try hire people that you think will be a good fit with the current team. If a team member is not pulling their weight or not working to a high enough standard, make sure this is dealt with quickly to avoid leaving the situation to fester and cause discord. Have an open door policy so your staff feel like they can come to you with any problems and be listened to and supported.

Business Analysis Web Design And Computer Programming

Assignment 1: Business Analysis Provide a brief description of an organization where you currently work, would like to work, or one in which you have an interest that you have chosen for this assignment. Technological innovations are providing new means of developing, sourcing, managing, and delivering applications and services. Businesses are more in need to find technological solutions to aid their achievement of long-term financial sustainability as the economy has become more global. The dynamic transformation of computers being able to communicate with each other has brought out a revolution which affects every industry within the economy. Skills in web design and computer programming are in demand by businesses allowing opportunities for one to grow. Not every company has a department in place capable of creating the necessary tools to have an online presence to bring in more customers. Hashrocket is a web development company which is based in Jacksonville Beach, Florida (Zitron, 2015). They maintain hig h standards by practicing pair programming techniques; a collaborative style which one programmer is the driver and types the code, while, the other is an observer which checks code for correctness as it is typed (Cockburn Williams, 2001). The firm mainly develops with Ruby on Rails (RoR) and provides services to businesses which do not have the resources or knowledge to do projects in house. Assess three (3) factors, either economic, social, or both,Show MoreRelatedApplication for Master Degree in Theory and Computational Science955 Words   |  4 PagesIn this ever changing world of computers, where computer systems grow more efficient, intelligent and complex, I find the in-depth study of computing concepts not only appealing but also indispensable. As I move ahead in the future, I strongly desire for a program that would help me build a comprehensive foundation in the field of Computer Science. Within this field, I have developed a deep interest in the area of Theory and Computational Science. More specifically I find algorithms and theory ofRead MoreWeb Design Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesOverview Web development can be used in different websites like to building, creating, and maintaining. Many aspects such as web design, web publishing, web programming, and database management are listed under web development. web developer and web designer terms are often similar in using, they do not mean the same thing. A web designer dealing with designs website interfaces using HTML and CSS. A web developer could be used in designing a website. However, it could be used to write web scriptsRead MoreQuestions On Information And Programming1638 Words   |  7 Pageslike Middleware is a general term for programming that serves to paste together discrete, regularly mind boggling and as of now existing, programs. Some product parts that are as often as possible associated with middleware incorporate venture applications and Web administrations. (b)Compare and differentiate the definition you found with the definition in the course message/slides Definition from Internet: Middleware is a general term for programming that serves to paste together independentRead MoreWhat Is Careprn Business?934 Words   |  4 Pageswell-designed website can certainly lead to increased business. By following simple guide-lines, it is possible to create a good-looking website that will really give CarePRN business the best chance of being noticed. The online presence of CarePRN service needs to exude credibility, confidence and efficiency through the website. A well designed and bug free CarePRN website can certainly leverage business processes. CarePRN can achieve this by blending strong design and content, with seamless functionality,Read MoreProfessional Writing in Computer Science Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pages A Computer Software Engineer develops software systems to be used by their clients, such as a website used to sell the client’s products. Although software engineers spend the majority of their time programming and testing the software, a key component to the success of a software engineer is the ability to write a thorough Software Requirement Specification (SRS). A SRS documents the requirements and dependencies needed for the software, prior to beginning any programming. Therefore, a SoftwareRead MoreObject-oriented Programming and Systems Analysis Essay759 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 1 1. What is information systems analysis and design? Complex organization process, used to develop and maintain computer-based information systems, also it’s used by a team of business and systems professionals. 2. How has a systems analysis and design changed over the past four decades? 1950s: focus on efficient automation of existing processes 1960s: advent of 3gl, faster and more reliable computers 1970s: system development becomes more like an engineering discipline 1980s:Read MoreStatement of Purpose for Software Skills1151 Words   |  5 Pageswonders from imagination. I am, an undergraduate in Computer Science, from a village in Kerala, India. My story of affection to work with computer and software started from my childhood. The complexities and the wonders inside a computer box attracted me towards it. There is a specific reason to say so. When I kid, I participated in a drawing competition sponsored by a detergent company to do a painting on life ambition. The magic of computer that deceived my thoughts was too strong, so that I couldn’tRead MoreThe Role of System Analyst1542 Words   |  7 Pageslast decade has seen technologies and tools like the World Wide Web and object oriented analysis rapidly change the very nature of system development â€Å" 1. Developments in Information Technologies (IT) have been one of the major underlying forces that have contributed to the reshaping and reinvestigation of the knowledge and skills for the system developer mainly the system analyst. Factors such as rapid technology changes, business and organizational demand, information centric economy and up-to-dateRead MoreTraining Process in Sas1207 Words   |  5 Pageshands-on computer workshops, and course notes that result in the best learning experience possible. In addition, we will provide a copy of the course notes to each attendee. Data Manager * SAS Programming Introduction: Basic Concepts INTRO * SAS Programming 1: Essentials PRG1 * SAS Programming 2: Data Manipulation Techniques PRG2 * SAS Programming 3: Advanced Techniques and Efficiencies PRG3 * Querying and Reporting Using SAS Enterprise Guide EGQR4 * SAS Programming for SASRead MoreA Brief Note On Information And Communications Technology Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pagesapplication of computers and internet to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data, or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. IT is considered a subset of information and communications technology (ICT). In 2012, Zuppo proposed an ICT hierarchy where each hierarchy level contain some degree of commonality in that they are related to technologies that facilitate the transfer of information and various types of electronically mediated communications. Business/IT was one

Can You Identify the 3 Branches of Rhetoric

Rhetoric is the art of using language, such as public speaking, for persuasive writing and speech. Rhetoric often breaks down content and form by dispersing what is being said and how it is expressed. Oratory is the ability to convey a successful speech, and it is a means of performing rhetoric. The three branches of rhetoric include deliberative, judicial, and epideictic. These are defined by Aristotle in his Rhetoric (4th century B.C.) and the three branches, or genres, of rhetoric  are expanded below. Classic Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, men were taught a discipline to eloquently express themselves through ancient writers like Aristotle, Cicero, and Quintilian. Aristotle wrote the book on ​rhetoric, which focused on the art of persuasion in 1515. The five canons of rhetoric include invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. These were determined in classic Rome by the Roman philosopher Cicero in his De Inventione. Quintilian was a Roman rhetorician and teacher who excelled in Renaissance writing. Oratory divided the three branches of genres in classical rhetoric. Deliberative oratory is considered legislative, judicial oratory translates as forensic, and epideictic oratory is deemed as ceremonial or demonstrative. Deliberative Rhetoric Deliberative rhetoric is speech or writing that attempts to persuade an audience to take (or not take) some action. Whereas judicial rhetoric is primarily concerned with past events, deliberative discourse, says Aristotle, always advises about things to come. Political oratory and debate fall under the category of deliberative rhetoric. Patricia L. Dunmire, The Rhetoric of Temporality Aristotle...lays out various principles and lines of argument for a rhetor to use in making arguments about possible futures. In short, he looks at the past as a guide to the future and at the future as a natural extension of the present (Poulakos 1984: 223). Aristotle contends that arguments for particular policies and actions should be grounded in examples from the past for we judge of future events by divination from past events (63). Rhetors are further advised to quote what has actually happened, since in most respects the future will be like what the past has been (134). Judicial Rhetoric Judicial rhetoric is speech or writing that considers the justice or injustice of a certain charge or accusation. In the modern era, judicial (or forensic) discourse is primarily employed by lawyers in trials decided by a judge or jury. George A. Kennedy, Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modern Times [I]n  Greece theories of rhetoric were developed largely for speakers in the lawcourts, whereas elsewhere  judicial rhetoric is  not a major consideration; and only in Greece, and thus in western Europe, was rhetoric separated from political and ethical philosophy to form a specific discipline that became a feature of formal education. Lynee Lewis Gaillet and Michelle F. Eble, Primary Research and Writing Outside a courtroom,  judicial rhetoric is  displayed by anyone justifying past actions or decisions. In many professions and careers, decisions related to hiring and firing must be justified, and other actions must be documented in case of future disputes. Epideictic Rhetoric Epideictic rhetoric is speech or writing that praises (encomium) or blames (invective). Also known as ceremonial discourse, epideictic rhetoric includes funeral orations, obituaries, graduation and retirement speeches, letters of recommendation, and nominating speeches at political conventions. Interpreted more broadly, epideictic rhetoric may also include works of literature. Amà ©lie Oksenberg Rorty, The Directions of Aristotles Rhetoric   Superficially, at least, epideictic rhetoric is largely ceremonial: it is addressed to a general audience and directed to praising honor and virtue, censuring vice and weakness. Of course, since epideictic rhetoric has an important educative function — since praise and blame motivate as well as indicate virtue — it is also implicitly directed to the future; and its argument sometimes bridges those that are typically used for deliberative rhetoric. Sources Aristotle. Rhetoric. Dover Thrift Editions, W. Rhys Roberts, Paperback, Dover Publications, September 29, 2004. Cicero. Cicero: On Invention. The Best Kind of Orator. Topics. A. Rhetorical Treatises. Loeb Classical Library Np. 386, H. M. Hubbell, English and Latin Edition, Harvard University Press, January 1, 1949. Dunmire, Patricia. The rhetoric of temporality: The future as linguistic construct and rhetorical resource. ResearchGate, January 2008. Gaillet, Lynee Lewis. Primary Research and Writing: People, Places, and Spaces. Michelle F. Eble, 1st Edition, Routledge, August 24, 2015. Kennedy, George A. Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modern Times. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged Edition, The University of North Carolina Press, February 22, 1999. Rorty, Amà ©lie Oksenberg. The Directions of Aristotles Rhetoric. The Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 46, No. 1, JSTOR, September 1992.

Book Review of A Rose for Emily - 1813 Words

A Rose for Emily William Faulkners 1930 short story A Rose for Emily tells the tale of the sudden death of a small, southern towns most prominent old woman; the last remaining person who had experienced the American South before the American Civil War. She had the memories within her of a period of white domination and black subjection, which is mirrored in the relationship she had with her handyman. This woman held a great deal of power in this small community. She is a remnant of the past antebellum south wherein white men were powerful and the black men were enslaved. Money was power. Even members of the same racial profile were broken down into levels of power based upon the amount of money that they had. Emilys father was a powerful man and even though she herself had not accomplished anything in her life, she still was revered because of her bloodline. The story is told in a third-person perspective so that the reader becomes part of the community. Just as the town is mourning Emily, and thus the final piece of the old guard, so too the reader is just discovering the secret life of the towns most respected resident (Sullivan 159). As a witness, the reader sees how Emilys story is one of conflict: conflict with her father, conflict with her lover, but more than anything else, she is in conflict with the new generation. Faulkners attitude towards the past of the American South is made evident in the text of the story. When reading the narrative, it becomesShow MoreRelatedThe Brontà « Family1804 Words   |  7 Pagestheir beautifully written literature did not disappoint their readers, even if it was written during the many tragedies that occurred in their lives (Blom, 1977). Patrick and Maria were Irish parents of their six children named Charlotte, Maria, Emily, Elizabeth, Branwell, and their youngest child named Anne (Blom, 1977, p. 14). They had their Charlotte in 1816 and four years later moved to the isolated town of Haworth where the line of tragedies began. From the way that the children were raisedRead MoreFree Papers1007 Words   |  5 PagesIf you are looking for free academic papers such as free essays, free term papers, free research papers, free dissertations, free book reports/book reviews, free essays, free speeches, there exists a chance of being accused of plagiarism. Free papers downloaded from essay databases and essay sites can be easily detected by plagiarism detection systems and sofwares. You can find a lot of resources and sites with databases of free sample papers and free example papers on any topic. You can use theseRead MoreFree Papers992 Words   |  4 PagesIf you are looking for free academic papers such as free essays, free term papers, free research papers, free dissertations, free book reports/book reviews, free essays, free speeches, there exists a chance of being accused of plagiarism. Free papers downloaded from essay databases and essay sites can be easily detected by plagiarism detection systems and sofwares. You can find a lot of resources and sites with databases of free sample papers and free example papers on any topic. You can use theseRead MoreA Rose For Emily, By William Faulkner Essay2322 Words   |  10 Pagescapacity to devastate a people life by overpowering it with despair and murkiness. A short story, A Rose for Emily, by William Faulkner, was initially published on April 30, 1930. William Cuthbert Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi, on September 25, 1897. As he experienced childhood in New Albany, Mississippi, the Southern culture impacted to him. Through his works such a Sartoris (book, 1931), The Sound and The Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (ballad, 1930), The Sanct uary (1931), and A FamleRead MoreEssay on Oprah Winfrey: Most Influential Woman in America1528 Words   |  7 Pagesrather than discussing political problems. The thirty-minute to hour-long programs allowed for people to escape their problems, even if only for a short period of time (Rose). Biographer, Ilene Cooper took on the challenge of writing a biography about the complex and extraordinary life of Oprah Winfrey. In an article on the Kirkus Review website, published in 2010, a critic enjoys how the author of the biography, Up close: Oprah Winfrey, â€Å"makes excellent use of many quotes from interviews, Oprah’s ownRead MoreEducation Is The Best Interest1331 Words   |  6 Pagesfor college, we must first take some notes on what a higher education consists of, then study and review the need for and benefits of higher education, and finally take the exam on how more people can follow the path to achieve a higher education. To take the first step on the path to a higher education, we must first take some notes on what a higher education consists of. According to Emily Hanford on the online American Public Media, almost 60 percent of jobs in the United States requireRead Moreuna‚Äà ²ÃƒÅ Ãƒ ²ÃƒËœ1561 Words   |  7 PagesSubjects MLA documentation: In-text citations review and works cited. tba Research Assignment Due STUDY WEEK June 23rd - June 27th 8 June 30th – July 04th Tue July 01st is Canada Day (College closed) Elements of Fiction Chopin, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† 9 July 07th – July 11th Faulkner, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Essay #2 10 July 14th – July 18th Comparison Contrast Walker, â€Å"Everyday Use† 11 July 21st – July 25th Documentation Review Carver, â€Å"Cathedral† Essay #3 12 July 28thRead MoreEssay on Women Authors of the 19th Century3166 Words   |  13 Pagesmost thoughts and ideas through their writings. They helped to change society, perhaps without knowing it, through poetry, novels, and articles. Emily Dickinson, Harriet Jacobs, Kate Chopin, Louisa May Alcott, and Elizabeth Oakes Smith are the best-known controversial and expressive women authors of their time. On December 10, 1830 a poet was born. When Emily Dickinson was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, no one knew that she was to become the most well known woman poet of all time. She loved her familyRead MoreAn Indigenous understanding of Reciprocity3568 Words   |  15 PagesAboriginal health is indisputably linked to their economic situation and that reduced eating patterns (feast or famine Schwab 2004: 5) are encouraged by the government welfare system. Elizabeth and David are out shopping for their extended family,4 when Emily approaches and asks for food explaining her welfare money has run out, she is given quite a large amount of food. Elizabeth explains ‘I like to shop just before it closes, because there are fewer people here . . . In the mornings there are too manyRead MoreThe Characteristics of Hemingways Works2503 Words   |  11 PagesHemingway started the first paragraph as â€Å"In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains† (3). In contrast with Hemingway’s minimalist writing style, in a short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Faulkner described Miss Emily’s house as â€Å"It was a big, squarish frame house that had once been white, decorated with cupolas and . . . what had once been our most select street† (29). Hemingway’s minimalist writing style is connected

Serotonin and Depression for Depressive Disorder - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSerotonin and Depression for Depressive Disorder. Answer: The essay aims to evaluate the role of dysregulation of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the disordered physiological processes associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). Several lines of evidences will be discussed in order to establish the presence or absence of the mentioned correlation between the two variables. The American Psychiatric Association defines Depression as a common and serious mental disorder which has negative impacts on how the patient feels; think and acts ("define depression - Google Search", 2017). Globally more than 300 million people worldwide suffer from depression ("Depression", 2017). Depression can be long-lasting and recurrent and in severe cases may lead to suicide. Presently it can be reliably diagnosed and treated with medical and psychological interventions. Some of the symptoms include lack of interest and pleasure in daily activities, gain or loss of weight, insomnia or excessive sleeping, loss of energy, felling of worthlessness and guilt an d suicidal thoughts. Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter produced in the brain and intestines. It is mostly found in the Central Nervous System, the gastrointestinal Tract and the Blood platelets, having active influence on smooth muscle contraction, several metabolic processes and on the mood, happiness and wellbeing of a person. Many studies have provided evidences supporting several theories on the causal factors of depression. Serotonin theory of depression is one of the most widely studied among them and states that there is a net reduction serotonin transmission in depressive illness (Kerr, 2011). Several treatment approaches and biological bases in support of and against this theory will be discussed in the following sections of the essay. Tryptophan is the precursor amino acid of serotonin. In a study tryptophan intake was reduced by dietary manipulation in patients who have recovered from depression and is mediation free during the intervention. 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid is a metabolite of serotonin; reduced concentration of the compound in the cerebrospinal fluid of brain and spinal cord has been associated with suicides and recovered patients with already low levels of serotonin were susceptible to dietary depletion of tryptophan and showed relapse of depressive symptoms (Leyton, Young Benkelfat, 1997). However, in normal patients dietary depletion of tryptophan showed no effect. Hence, impeding the metabolic pathway of serotonin cannot be solely accosted for the causal factor of depression in healthy patients. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a group of widely used drugs used to treat depressive disorders. Treatment with SSRIs is proved to up regulate certain transcription factors and proteins such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) that play an important role in neural plasticity (Harmer, Goodwi Cowen, 2009). Neuronal plasticity is a fundamental neural process where the brain acquires information and makes adaptive changes in future settings. It influences the occurrence of mood disorders and anxiety in various ways. The reduction of depressive symptoms after SSRI treatment shave been attributed to a secondary influence of neural plasticity rather than a direct effect of increased serotonin levels. Serotonergic hallucinogens such as (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and mescaline; although derived from different chemical families have a common mode of action through 5-HT2Areceptor producing increased levels of serotonin (Halberstadt, 2015). One study evaluated the efficacy of such hallucinogens in cancer patients who suffered from mood disorders and anxiety. One of the drugs, psilocybin produced significant results. Patients treated with the hallucinogen reported significant reduction in clinician-rated as well as self-rated depression, anxiety and mood disorders. They experienced an improved quality of life, meaning of life, a better perception regarding death acceptance and increased optimism. The rate of symptom remission was 65% and 57% and over 80% of the participants reported increased wellbeing and life satisfaction (Griffiths et al., 2016). This provides substantial evidence that increased serotonin levels can have beneficial effects in patients with mood diso rders and anxiety. Another mode of study is to assess the biomarkers of major depressive disorders and gain insight regarding the probable causal factors from the same. Studies have revealed that 5-HT2A and 5-HT3A serotonin receptors are important components behind the incidence of major depression. One study measured the relative expression of mRNA of these receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) to establish a relationship between the disorder and serotonin agonists. Relative 5-HTR2A mRNA expression was found to be significantly higher in the patients whereas levels of 5-HTR3A mRNA expression in the patients did not showed any significant difference when compared to healthy individuals (Amidfar et al., 2017). Hence study provides further evidence of direct relationship between serotonin activity and occurrence of MDD irrespective of treatment procedures. Another study measured a serotonin receptor subtype in certain immune cells of the immune system in major depressive disorder patients. The authors determined the presence of 5-HT1A receptors in lymphocytes of peripheral blood obtained from depressed patients and controls. It was observed that the ratio serotonin/5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was increased in the patients but dopamine levels remained unchanged. Although receptor levels remained unchanged, coupling with different transduction mechanisms may be related to alteration in 5-HT turnover rate. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme that participated in the metabolism of tryptophan and reduces the serotonin levels. The role of this enzyme in diabetes related depression has been studied by Dias et al., (2015). They treated rats with several drugs and evaluated the cytokines, serotonin and norepinephrine levels of diabetic and normogycemic rats. The authors found that activation of Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase caused neuroinflammation of hippocampus with consequent decrease in 5-HT levels in diabetic rats can be the link between diabetes and depression in the study group. This study provides yet another evidence in support of low serotonin levels occurring concurrently with the incidence of depression. Some studies have looked into the genetic predisposition connection serotonin and depression. One such study investigated the combined effects of gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) of serotonin transporter and environmental stress on serotonin transporter (SERT) mRNA levels in peripheral blood cells. Participants that were exposed to both the risk factors produced significant resulting such that 32.8% (maternal prenatal stress) and 56.3% (child maltreatment) reduced levels of SERT mRNA were observed as compared to the control group (Wankerl et al., 2014). Reduced mRNA expression may be linked with serotonergic malfunctioning and pose incre4sed disease vulnerability. Thus environmental and genetic factors can play an important role in serotonin functioning and subsequently incidence of depressive disorders. It can be concluded the correlation between serotonin and major depressive disorder have been studied widely for many years now. There are ample evidences that establish a positive and signification relation between lowered levels of the neurotransmitter and occurrence of the disorder. Studies have explored the correlation by evaluating treatment methods that intervene with the cellular pathways of the action of serotonin, neural and biological causes, and genetic predisposition and so on. Our review of some of those studies elucidate that serotonin and depression does have a clear correlation among them, yet he nature and directness of the link is yet to be discovered. The apparent decrease of depression due to serotonin agonist treatments may be secondary effects of other physiological changes. Thus, further evidence regarding the relationship is required to establish any concrete conclusion. References Amidfar, M., Kim, Y. K., Colic, L., Arbabi, M., Mobaraki, G., Hassanzadeh, G., Walter, M. (2017). Increased levels of 5HT2A receptor mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with major depression: correlations with severity and duration of illness.Nordic Journal of Psychiatry,71(4), 282-288. define depression - Google Search. (2017).Google.co.in. Retrieved 24 May 2017, from https://www.google.co.in/search?q=define+depressionoq=define+depressionaqs=chrome..69i57j0l5.3069j0j7sourceid=chromeie=UTF-8 Depression. (2017).World Health Organization. Retrieved 24 May 2017, from https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/ Dias, I. C. S., Carabelli, B., Ishii, D. K., Morais, H., Carvalho, M. C., de Souza, L. E. R., ... 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