Can You Identify the 3 Branches of Rhetoric

Rhetoric is the art of using language, such as public speaking, for persuasive writing and speech. Rhetoric often breaks down content and form by dispersing what is being said and how it is expressed. Oratory is the ability to convey a successful speech, and it is a means of performing rhetoric. The three branches of rhetoric include deliberative, judicial, and epideictic. These are defined by Aristotle in his Rhetoric (4th century B.C.) and the three branches, or genres, of rhetoric  are expanded below. Classic Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, men were taught a discipline to eloquently express themselves through ancient writers like Aristotle, Cicero, and Quintilian. Aristotle wrote the book on ​rhetoric, which focused on the art of persuasion in 1515. The five canons of rhetoric include invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. These were determined in classic Rome by the Roman philosopher Cicero in his De Inventione. Quintilian was a Roman rhetorician and teacher who excelled in Renaissance writing. Oratory divided the three branches of genres in classical rhetoric. Deliberative oratory is considered legislative, judicial oratory translates as forensic, and epideictic oratory is deemed as ceremonial or demonstrative. Deliberative Rhetoric Deliberative rhetoric is speech or writing that attempts to persuade an audience to take (or not take) some action. Whereas judicial rhetoric is primarily concerned with past events, deliberative discourse, says Aristotle, always advises about things to come. Political oratory and debate fall under the category of deliberative rhetoric. Patricia L. Dunmire, The Rhetoric of Temporality Aristotle...lays out various principles and lines of argument for a rhetor to use in making arguments about possible futures. In short, he looks at the past as a guide to the future and at the future as a natural extension of the present (Poulakos 1984: 223). Aristotle contends that arguments for particular policies and actions should be grounded in examples from the past for we judge of future events by divination from past events (63). Rhetors are further advised to quote what has actually happened, since in most respects the future will be like what the past has been (134). Judicial Rhetoric Judicial rhetoric is speech or writing that considers the justice or injustice of a certain charge or accusation. In the modern era, judicial (or forensic) discourse is primarily employed by lawyers in trials decided by a judge or jury. George A. Kennedy, Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modern Times [I]n  Greece theories of rhetoric were developed largely for speakers in the lawcourts, whereas elsewhere  judicial rhetoric is  not a major consideration; and only in Greece, and thus in western Europe, was rhetoric separated from political and ethical philosophy to form a specific discipline that became a feature of formal education. Lynee Lewis Gaillet and Michelle F. Eble, Primary Research and Writing Outside a courtroom,  judicial rhetoric is  displayed by anyone justifying past actions or decisions. In many professions and careers, decisions related to hiring and firing must be justified, and other actions must be documented in case of future disputes. Epideictic Rhetoric Epideictic rhetoric is speech or writing that praises (encomium) or blames (invective). Also known as ceremonial discourse, epideictic rhetoric includes funeral orations, obituaries, graduation and retirement speeches, letters of recommendation, and nominating speeches at political conventions. Interpreted more broadly, epideictic rhetoric may also include works of literature. Amà ©lie Oksenberg Rorty, The Directions of Aristotles Rhetoric   Superficially, at least, epideictic rhetoric is largely ceremonial: it is addressed to a general audience and directed to praising honor and virtue, censuring vice and weakness. Of course, since epideictic rhetoric has an important educative function — since praise and blame motivate as well as indicate virtue — it is also implicitly directed to the future; and its argument sometimes bridges those that are typically used for deliberative rhetoric. Sources Aristotle. Rhetoric. Dover Thrift Editions, W. Rhys Roberts, Paperback, Dover Publications, September 29, 2004. Cicero. Cicero: On Invention. The Best Kind of Orator. Topics. A. Rhetorical Treatises. Loeb Classical Library Np. 386, H. M. Hubbell, English and Latin Edition, Harvard University Press, January 1, 1949. Dunmire, Patricia. The rhetoric of temporality: The future as linguistic construct and rhetorical resource. ResearchGate, January 2008. Gaillet, Lynee Lewis. Primary Research and Writing: People, Places, and Spaces. Michelle F. Eble, 1st Edition, Routledge, August 24, 2015. Kennedy, George A. Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modern Times. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged Edition, The University of North Carolina Press, February 22, 1999. Rorty, Amà ©lie Oksenberg. The Directions of Aristotles Rhetoric. The Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 46, No. 1, JSTOR, September 1992.

Book Review of A Rose for Emily - 1813 Words

A Rose for Emily William Faulkners 1930 short story A Rose for Emily tells the tale of the sudden death of a small, southern towns most prominent old woman; the last remaining person who had experienced the American South before the American Civil War. She had the memories within her of a period of white domination and black subjection, which is mirrored in the relationship she had with her handyman. This woman held a great deal of power in this small community. She is a remnant of the past antebellum south wherein white men were powerful and the black men were enslaved. Money was power. Even members of the same racial profile were broken down into levels of power based upon the amount of money that they had. Emilys father was a powerful man and even though she herself had not accomplished anything in her life, she still was revered because of her bloodline. The story is told in a third-person perspective so that the reader becomes part of the community. Just as the town is mourning Emily, and thus the final piece of the old guard, so too the reader is just discovering the secret life of the towns most respected resident (Sullivan 159). As a witness, the reader sees how Emilys story is one of conflict: conflict with her father, conflict with her lover, but more than anything else, she is in conflict with the new generation. Faulkners attitude towards the past of the American South is made evident in the text of the story. When reading the narrative, it becomesShow MoreRelatedThe Brontà « Family1804 Words   |  7 Pagestheir beautifully written literature did not disappoint their readers, even if it was written during the many tragedies that occurred in their lives (Blom, 1977). Patrick and Maria were Irish parents of their six children named Charlotte, Maria, Emily, Elizabeth, Branwell, and their youngest child named Anne (Blom, 1977, p. 14). They had their Charlotte in 1816 and four years later moved to the isolated town of Haworth where the line of tragedies began. From the way that the children were raisedRead MoreFree Papers1007 Words   |  5 PagesIf you are looking for free academic papers such as free essays, free term papers, free research papers, free dissertations, free book reports/book reviews, free essays, free speeches, there exists a chance of being accused of plagiarism. Free papers downloaded from essay databases and essay sites can be easily detected by plagiarism detection systems and sofwares. You can find a lot of resources and sites with databases of free sample papers and free example papers on any topic. You can use theseRead MoreFree Papers992 Words   |  4 PagesIf you are looking for free academic papers such as free essays, free term papers, free research papers, free dissertations, free book reports/book reviews, free essays, free speeches, there exists a chance of being accused of plagiarism. 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Serotonin and Depression for Depressive Disorder - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSerotonin and Depression for Depressive Disorder. Answer: The essay aims to evaluate the role of dysregulation of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the disordered physiological processes associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). Several lines of evidences will be discussed in order to establish the presence or absence of the mentioned correlation between the two variables. The American Psychiatric Association defines Depression as a common and serious mental disorder which has negative impacts on how the patient feels; think and acts ("define depression - Google Search", 2017). Globally more than 300 million people worldwide suffer from depression ("Depression", 2017). Depression can be long-lasting and recurrent and in severe cases may lead to suicide. Presently it can be reliably diagnosed and treated with medical and psychological interventions. Some of the symptoms include lack of interest and pleasure in daily activities, gain or loss of weight, insomnia or excessive sleeping, loss of energy, felling of worthlessness and guilt an d suicidal thoughts. Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter produced in the brain and intestines. It is mostly found in the Central Nervous System, the gastrointestinal Tract and the Blood platelets, having active influence on smooth muscle contraction, several metabolic processes and on the mood, happiness and wellbeing of a person. Many studies have provided evidences supporting several theories on the causal factors of depression. Serotonin theory of depression is one of the most widely studied among them and states that there is a net reduction serotonin transmission in depressive illness (Kerr, 2011). Several treatment approaches and biological bases in support of and against this theory will be discussed in the following sections of the essay. Tryptophan is the precursor amino acid of serotonin. In a study tryptophan intake was reduced by dietary manipulation in patients who have recovered from depression and is mediation free during the intervention. 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid is a metabolite of serotonin; reduced concentration of the compound in the cerebrospinal fluid of brain and spinal cord has been associated with suicides and recovered patients with already low levels of serotonin were susceptible to dietary depletion of tryptophan and showed relapse of depressive symptoms (Leyton, Young Benkelfat, 1997). However, in normal patients dietary depletion of tryptophan showed no effect. Hence, impeding the metabolic pathway of serotonin cannot be solely accosted for the causal factor of depression in healthy patients. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a group of widely used drugs used to treat depressive disorders. Treatment with SSRIs is proved to up regulate certain transcription factors and proteins such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) that play an important role in neural plasticity (Harmer, Goodwi Cowen, 2009). Neuronal plasticity is a fundamental neural process where the brain acquires information and makes adaptive changes in future settings. It influences the occurrence of mood disorders and anxiety in various ways. The reduction of depressive symptoms after SSRI treatment shave been attributed to a secondary influence of neural plasticity rather than a direct effect of increased serotonin levels. Serotonergic hallucinogens such as (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and mescaline; although derived from different chemical families have a common mode of action through 5-HT2Areceptor producing increased levels of serotonin (Halberstadt, 2015). One study evaluated the efficacy of such hallucinogens in cancer patients who suffered from mood disorders and anxiety. One of the drugs, psilocybin produced significant results. Patients treated with the hallucinogen reported significant reduction in clinician-rated as well as self-rated depression, anxiety and mood disorders. They experienced an improved quality of life, meaning of life, a better perception regarding death acceptance and increased optimism. The rate of symptom remission was 65% and 57% and over 80% of the participants reported increased wellbeing and life satisfaction (Griffiths et al., 2016). This provides substantial evidence that increased serotonin levels can have beneficial effects in patients with mood diso rders and anxiety. Another mode of study is to assess the biomarkers of major depressive disorders and gain insight regarding the probable causal factors from the same. Studies have revealed that 5-HT2A and 5-HT3A serotonin receptors are important components behind the incidence of major depression. One study measured the relative expression of mRNA of these receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) to establish a relationship between the disorder and serotonin agonists. Relative 5-HTR2A mRNA expression was found to be significantly higher in the patients whereas levels of 5-HTR3A mRNA expression in the patients did not showed any significant difference when compared to healthy individuals (Amidfar et al., 2017). Hence study provides further evidence of direct relationship between serotonin activity and occurrence of MDD irrespective of treatment procedures. Another study measured a serotonin receptor subtype in certain immune cells of the immune system in major depressive disorder patients. The authors determined the presence of 5-HT1A receptors in lymphocytes of peripheral blood obtained from depressed patients and controls. It was observed that the ratio serotonin/5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was increased in the patients but dopamine levels remained unchanged. Although receptor levels remained unchanged, coupling with different transduction mechanisms may be related to alteration in 5-HT turnover rate. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme that participated in the metabolism of tryptophan and reduces the serotonin levels. The role of this enzyme in diabetes related depression has been studied by Dias et al., (2015). They treated rats with several drugs and evaluated the cytokines, serotonin and norepinephrine levels of diabetic and normogycemic rats. The authors found that activation of Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase caused neuroinflammation of hippocampus with consequent decrease in 5-HT levels in diabetic rats can be the link between diabetes and depression in the study group. This study provides yet another evidence in support of low serotonin levels occurring concurrently with the incidence of depression. Some studies have looked into the genetic predisposition connection serotonin and depression. One such study investigated the combined effects of gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) of serotonin transporter and environmental stress on serotonin transporter (SERT) mRNA levels in peripheral blood cells. Participants that were exposed to both the risk factors produced significant resulting such that 32.8% (maternal prenatal stress) and 56.3% (child maltreatment) reduced levels of SERT mRNA were observed as compared to the control group (Wankerl et al., 2014). Reduced mRNA expression may be linked with serotonergic malfunctioning and pose incre4sed disease vulnerability. Thus environmental and genetic factors can play an important role in serotonin functioning and subsequently incidence of depressive disorders. It can be concluded the correlation between serotonin and major depressive disorder have been studied widely for many years now. There are ample evidences that establish a positive and signification relation between lowered levels of the neurotransmitter and occurrence of the disorder. Studies have explored the correlation by evaluating treatment methods that intervene with the cellular pathways of the action of serotonin, neural and biological causes, and genetic predisposition and so on. Our review of some of those studies elucidate that serotonin and depression does have a clear correlation among them, yet he nature and directness of the link is yet to be discovered. The apparent decrease of depression due to serotonin agonist treatments may be secondary effects of other physiological changes. Thus, further evidence regarding the relationship is required to establish any concrete conclusion. References Amidfar, M., Kim, Y. K., Colic, L., Arbabi, M., Mobaraki, G., Hassanzadeh, G., Walter, M. (2017). Increased levels of 5HT2A receptor mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with major depression: correlations with severity and duration of illness.Nordic Journal of Psychiatry,71(4), 282-288. define depression - Google Search. (2017).Google.co.in. Retrieved 24 May 2017, from https://www.google.co.in/search?q=define+depressionoq=define+depressionaqs=chrome..69i57j0l5.3069j0j7sourceid=chromeie=UTF-8 Depression. (2017).World Health Organization. Retrieved 24 May 2017, from https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/ Dias, I. C. S., Carabelli, B., Ishii, D. K., Morais, H., Carvalho, M. C., de Souza, L. E. R., ... Cunha, J. M. (2015). Indoleamine-2, 3-Dioxygenase/Kynurenine Pathway as a Potential Pharmacological Target to Treat Depression Associated with Diabetes.Molecular Neurobiology,10(53), 6997-7009. Fajardo, O., Galeno, J., Urbina, M., Carreira, I., Lima, L. (2003). Serotonin, serotonin 5-HT 1A receptors and dopamine in blood peripheral lymphocytes of major depression patients.International immunopharmacology,3(9), 1345-1352. Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Carducci, M. A., Umbricht, A., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., ... Klinedinst, M. A. (2016). Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial.Journal of Psychopharmacology,30(12), 1181-1197. Halberstadt, A. L. (2015). Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens.Behavioural brain research,277, 99-120. Harmer, C. J., Goodwin, G. M., Cowen, P. J. (2009). Why do antidepressants take so long to work? A cognitive neuropsychological model of antidepressant drug action.The British Journal of Psychiatry,195(2), 102-108. Kerr, C. W. (2011). The Serotonin Theory of Depression.Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry,12(1), 4. Leyton, M., Young, S. N., Benkelfat, C. (1997). Relapse of depression after rapid depletion of tryptophan.The Lancet,349(9068), 1840-1841. Wankerl, M., Miller, R., Kirschbaum, C., Hennig, J., Stalder, T., Alexander, N. (2014). Effects of genetic and early environmental risk factors for depression on serotonin transporter expression and methylation profiles.Translational psychiatry,4(6), e402.